SUBUTAI: ONE OF THE GREATEST GENERAL OF THE MONGOL ARMY
Subutai :considered as one of the DOGS OF WAR of Genghis Khan, was a Mongolian general and the primary military
strategist of Genghis
Khan and Ögedei
Khan. He directed more than 20 campaigns and won 65 pitched
battles conquered 32 nations
during which he conquered or overran more territory than any other commander in
history as part of the expansion of the Mongol
Empire.[1] He often gained victory by means of imaginative and
sophisticated strategies and routinely coordinated movements of armies that
operated hundreds of kilometers apart from each other. Subutai is well known
for the geographical diversity and success of his expeditions, which took him
from central Asia to the Russian steppe and into Europe. Some of the most
difficult campaigns he participated in were against the sophisticated armies of
Hungary and Poland. Despite the European armies putting up fierce resistance,
Subutai succeeded in beating them by employing his strategic war tactics. He
took part in his last campaigns in the 1240s, following which he retired to
live a quiet life.
EARLY LIFE
Hailed from from a blacksmith family, his family had long
generational relationship with the family of genghis khan. Subutai bestowed himself to Genghis Khan at the age
of 14. Following in the foot step of his elder brother who was already serving
the the genghis khan as his general. He was appointed
to the prestigious post of Genghis Khan's ger (yurt) door guard during his teen
years, Mongol histories say that Subutai said to Genghis
Khan, "I will ward off your enemies as felt cloth protects
one from the wind
Within a decade he quickly rose the ranks and became the
general when Genghis say potential in him and genghis gave him many chances to
develop his potential at war tactics
Subutai's first chance at
independent command came in 1197 during action against the Merkit, when he was just
22 years old. Subutai's role was to act as the vanguard and defeat one of the
Merkit camps at the Tchen River. Subutai refused Genghis Khan's offer for extra
elite troops, and instead traveled to the Merkit camp alone, posing as a Mongol
deserter. Subutai managed to convince the Merkits that the main Mongol army was
far away, and they were in no danger. As a result, the Merkit lowered their
guard and limited their patrols, allowing the Mongols to easily surprise and
encircle the Merkits, capturing two generals.[10] He also served as a commander of the vanguard with
distinction in the 1204 battle against the Naiman that gave the Mongols total
control over Mongolia.
Central Asian Campaigns
Impressed by Subutai’s
performance, Genghis Khan made him a general. Khan sent Subutai to fight the
Merkits and their allies, the Cuman-Kipchak confederation in mid-1210s.
Displaying his usual
courage, Subutai successfully defeated the enemy forces along the Chu River and
in the Wild Kipchaq territory. He also fought off Mohammad II of Khwarizm who
attacked the Mongol army along the Irghiz.
The Mongol army, with
around 70,000 men, was though little less in number than Mohammad II’s forces,
but brilliant military maneurve by Genghis and With Subutai as its commander, Genghis
khan crossed the kizulkum desert which was considered enpassible by the kwarizm
shah and the Mongols the shocked to shah mohammad by emerging from the rear
while the small contingent of Mongols army ravaged the other side of kwarizm
empire. the Mongols easily overpowered
their enemy’s army laying overstretch. Mohammad II tried to flee, but he fell
ill and died in early 1221.
Over the next few
years, the Mongols went on to defeat the Alans and Don Kipchaqs. Subutai also
destroyed a Rus army during this campaign.
Campaigns against Xia & Jin
 |
| ANCIENT CHINESE ARMY |
 |
| ANCIENT CHINESE INFANTRY |
Subutai continued to
play a major role in the Mongol campaigns in the 1220s. He was pivotal in the
Mongol victory against Xia in 1226 and conquered the Jin districts along the
upper Wei River the following year.
By this time, Genghis
Khan had died and the kingdom had passed on to his son Ogedei. Subutai
continued to serve under the new ruler. After facing defeat in their initial
plan of conquering the plains of Honan, the Mongols besieged and captured
Fengxiang.
In the ensuing years,
the Mongols under the able guidance of Subutai were able to clinch decisive
victories at Sanfeng (1232), Yangyi (1232), and T’ieh’ling (1232). Following
these campaigns, Ogedei returned to Mongolia, leaving behind Subutai with a
small army to complete the rest of the conquest.
Subutai faced a lot of
challenges in completing the conquest by himself and made an alliance with Song
for help. However, the Mongols had a fallout with the Song army soon after. The
Mongols persisted and were eventually able to ward off the Song army from the
regions they had conquered.
The Battle of Mohi and leignitz
 |
| POLISH AND GEORGIAN KNIGHT AND TEMPLAR AGAINST MONGOLS |
The Mongols fought two battles consequitively at the same time
in two different locations , one at the mohi, river bank river bank of sajo
river against hungary and other against the Poland in the battle of leignitz.
The Battle of Mohi is
considered to be the most challenging battle in Subutai’s career. It was fought
between the Mongol Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary in 1241. The Mongols had
been consistently invading several parts of Europe starting from the 1220s.
After having won the Battle of Legnica against Poland, the Mongols decided to
attack Hungary.
The Battle of Mohi
began during the night of April 10, 1241. It started at the southwest side of
the Sajo River. This battle turned out to be a deadly one for Hungary. Almost
half of the country’s cities lay in ruins following the Mongolian attack. This
devastation of Hungary by the Mongols set off waves of deep fear across the
rest of Europe.
According to
historians, around 15-25 percent of the Hungarian population had been
annihilated, especially in lowland areas that comprised the Great Hungarian
Plain and the regions in in southern Transylvania.
THE GREAT EXPIEDITION
OF SUBUTAI AND JEBE.
In pursued of shah
mohammad the ii( who use to call himself the second Alexander) of kwarizm
empire who died on the island of Caspian sea and the mongol general Subutai and
Jebe with their 20 thousand mongol soldiers ( two of the greatest mongol
generals) thought of an most audacious expedition military campaigned in the
history. They sacked and looted Iran and azebijan defeating the western kwarizm
empire and went towards the kingdom of Georgia defeating them repeated battles
and crippling their army. Then Mongols headed towards Rus principalities of
modern day Russia and Ukraine who were allying themselves with the kipchak(a
defeated nomads by the Mongols earlier). Rus and kipchak army got the strength
of 80 thousand cavalry soldiers led by different Rus princes. But due to their
disagreement about the tactics against the Mongols led them to led the army separately
miles apart and the Mongols took the advantage by defeating them in swift
cavalry maneurve in the battle of kalka river leaving only few survivors. Following
their victory, Mongols left for Mongolia crossing the Caucasus mountains and
defeating further the remaining kipchaks, Volga bolgars along the way to
Mongolia.
Conquest of Russia(1236-1240)
 |
| MONGOLS GENERALS FEAST AS RUSSIAN NOBITY GET CRUSH BENEATH |
Unlike in 1222–23 when the majority of the Rus' states allied
against Subutai and Jebe, this time the Mongols apparently struck with such
speed that the Russians were either too paralyzed, or possibly too bitter or
distracted to ally. In late 1237, Subutai attacked Ryazan and Vladimir-Suzdal, operating with three columns (attacking as
the Mongols usually did during the winter, when the rivers froze over).
The Rus forces were
defeated in 3 separate engagements and their cities were taken in quick
succession. The Mongols spent the summer of 1238 resting along the Don River. Columns were
sent out to subjugate the various tribes living in the plains around the Black Sea. In 1239, the Rus' state of Chernigov was defeated and their cities were taken. The
Mongols were spared the need to conquer Novgorod when the principality surrendered, agreed to pay
tribute in the future, and gave the Mongols a large bribe.[37]
The most notable encounter of the campaign was the battle of the Sit River in
1238. The Grand Duke Yuri of Vladimir, the most prominent of the Rus leaders,
had left Vladimir to raise an army and defeat the Mongols before they reached
his city. However, the Mongols evaded his army and captured Vladimir before he
even knew what had happened. When Yuri sent out a strong reconnaissance force
to penetrate the Mongol scouting screen, his lieutenant told him in horror that
his army was already entirely surrounded. Not surprisingly, Yuri and his army
were easily defeated.[38] The
Mongols had made a treaty with Galich-Vladimir, whose prince was therefore
taken by surprise when the Mongols suddenly attacked in December 1240. Kiev, Vladimir, and other cities were quickly taken.
When every Russian princes
and nobels were captured, the Mongols made the wooden plank on top of their
bodies and feasted upon plank crushing the bodies of pronces and nobels to their
death while they were feasting their victory.
Legacy
"No Mongol
general played a greater role than Subotei Ba'atur in establishing and
maintaining the early Mongol Empire. Trusted commander and retainer of Cinggis,
later highly respected servant of Ogodei and Guyuk, Subotei served with great
distinction in every phase of Mongolian national development during the first
four decades of empire. When he first entered the service of Temujin, the later
Cinggis Qan, the realm of that minor Mongol chieftain comprised only a few
families. In his old age, Subotei saw a mighty dominion stretching from the
borders of Hungary to the Sea of Japan, from the outskirts of Novgorod to the
Persian Gulf and the Yangtze River. He had no small part in creating it."
— Paul Buell
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