Reasons Chinese Army left the Indian territory even after territories conquered in the 1962 war.
On 20 October 1962, the Chinese People's Liberation
Army launched two
attacks, 1000 kilometers (600 miles) apart.
The war of 1962 between India and china is commonly called the Sino-Indian border
conflict. In the war, India suffered the humiliating defeat and lessons to learn the aftermath of its weakness.
The main reasons for China to leave the
territory already won was to discontinue the war as it was not in the
favor of both the countries economically since both countries were very poor
at that time.
Another reason was
the fear of India getting backed in the war by U.S.A and Russia as the Cuban missile crises between
U.S and Russia were almost over and India was asking air support from the U.S.
Also, Mao had meticulously planned the time limit for war duration with India and set desirable targets.
Reason for war
Disputed territory of Aksai
chin in Kashmir in the western front which is a desert salt flat territory elevated
5000 meters above sea level and on the eastern front is the Arunachal Pradesh of northeast India where most of the
peaks is around 7000 meters.
Failed diplomacy during those time.
 |
| Prime minister of India( left) and Chairman Mao of China (right) |
China’s suspicion of
India triggered by the forward policy of Nehru (1959) confirmed Chinese that India was
trying to subvert the Tibet under its sphere of influence and also by providing
asylum to fleeing Tibetan spiritual and political leader, The Dalai Lama on Indian land catalyzing
the Chinese reaction.
In 1961, the Indian army had been sent into Goa, captured it from Portugal which
further cemented the Chinese believe that Nehru's was following the imperialism
policies against china with the support and assistance getting from Russia and The U.S.
Chairman Mao of China, He said that a well-fought war "will
guarantee at least thirty years of peace" with India, and determined the
benefits to offset the costs.
The invasion
Smaller conflicts between the two countries increased in 1962.
On 10 July, over 350 Chinese troops surrounded an Indian post at Chushul, Leh.
Using loudspeakers, they told the Gurkha regiment to not fight for India.
And on 20 October the
People’s Liberation Army invaded India in Ladakh, northern Uttarakhand and
across the McMahon Line in the then North-East Frontier Agency (now Arunachal
Pradesh), catching India completely off guard.
The attack began
simultaneously in all sectors of the border at the same time — 5 am —
synchronized as per Beijing time.
Convinced that there would not be
a war, India didn’t deploy enough soldiers, while China launched a full frontal
attack.
A panicked India reportedly
sought US assistance to control Chinese aggression. Nehru
wrote to then US President John F. Kennedy to provide “air transport and jet
fighters” to India. But the U.S largely stayed away.
Meanwhile, China
proposed that Ayub Khan, then Pakistan President, should attack India. Pakistan
chose not to.
Territory captured by Chinese Army
 |
| Tawang, Arunachal pradesh |
Arunachal Pradesh was almost overrun by the Chinese reaching near Tezpur in Assam but was ceded back to India after a ceasefire.
The whole of Aksai chin came under the Chinese army and is still the de-facto power but claimed by India.
Reason for losing the war.
The Indian military was unprepared and the Chinese military was already gained a lot of
battle experience fighting so many home civil wars and fighting against
different countries like Vietnam war and war with the imperial Japanese army in Manchuria
and Americans in North Korea.
On the
other side Indian politicians invested more effort in removing Defence
Minister Krishna Menon than
in actually waging war. Krishna Menon's favoritism weakened the
Indian Army and national morale dimmed.
Indians refrained, not according to the best
choices available, from using the Indian air force to beat back the Chinese
advances. The CIA later revealed that at that time the Chinese had neither the
fuel nor runways long enough for using their air force effectively in Tibet.
Many
Indians view the war as a betrayal of India's attempts at establishing a
long-standing peace with China and started to question the once-popular
"Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai" (meaning "Indians and Chinese are
brothers").
Casualties
of the 1962 war
India lost nearly 4,000
soldiers in the month-long war and suffered its most humiliating defeat — an the event that still casts a shadow on its ties with China.
New Delhi: At
the crack of dawn on this day, China attacked India over multiple points across
the border, leading to a month-long standoff between 10,000 to 20,000 Indian
soldiers and 80,000 Chinese troops.
Unprepared for the
offensive, India lost nearly 4,000 soldiers in the war and suffered its most
humiliating defeat.
Ceasefire
China had reached its claim lines so the PLA did not advance
farther, and on 19 November, it declared a unilateral cease-fire.the
Chinese frontier guards will withdraw to positions 20 kilometers (12 miles)
behind the line of actual control which existed between China and India on 7
November 1959.
World opinion
The Chinese military action has been
viewed by the United States as part of the PRC's policy of making use of
aggressive wars to settle its border disputes and to distract both its own
population and international opinion from its internal issues.
According to James Calvin from
the United States Marine Corps, Calvin expresses that China, in the past, has
been adamant to gain control over regions to which it has a "traditional
claim", which triggered the dispute over NEFA and Aksai Chin and
indeed Tibet.
Calvin's assumption, based on the history of the Cold War and the Domino The effect, assumed that China might ultimately try to regain control of everything
that it considers as "traditionally Chinese" which in its view
includes the entirety of South East Asia.
Britain agreed with the Indian
position completely, with the foreign secretary stating, 'we have taken the
view of the government of India on the present frontiers and the disputed
territories belong to India.
The non-aligned nations remained mostly uninvolved,
and only the United Arab Republic[ openly
supported India..
In 1962, President of Pakistan Ayub Khan made
clear to India that Indian troops could safely be transferred from the Pakistan
frontier to the Himalayas.[96]
Aftermath
China
According to the China's official military history, the
war achieved China's policy objectives of securing borders in its western
sector, as China retained de facto control of the Aksai Chin. After the war,
India abandoned the Forward Policy, and the de facto borders stabilised along
the Line of Actual
Control.
India
The aftermath of the war saw sweeping changes in the
Indian military to prepare it for similar conflicts in the future, and placed
pressure on Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Indians reacted with a surge
in patriotism and memorials were erected for many of the Indian troops who died
in the war.
Defence Minister Menon, who
resigned his government post As a result of the war.
India
became the second-largest army in the world.
India's efforts to improve its military posture significantly enhanced its
army's capabilities and preparedness..
Military
awards
Param
Vir Chakra
This
along with the *, indicates that the Param Vir Chakra was awarded posthumously.
Name
|
Unit
|
Date of action
|
Conflict
|
Place of action
|
Citations
|
20 October 1962
|
Sino-Indian War
|
||||
23 October 1962*
|
Sino-Indian War
|
||||
18 November 1962*
|
Sino-Indian War
|
Maha
Vir Chakra
Name
|
Unit
|
Date of action
|
Conflict
|
Place of action
|
Citations
|
4th Garhwal Rifles
|
17 November 1962*
|
Sino-Indian War
|
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